Autumn 1906. Francis Galton ushered the theory of collective intelligence (also known as the “wisdom of the crowds”) into the public conscience. Walking down a country fair in Plymouth (England) he came across a competition in which 800 farmers were trying to guess the weight of an ox. He realised that although none of the participants got the right answer, the average of all guesses was nearly perfect. A very powerful concept appeared: nobody knows everything, but everybody knows something.
During the XX century the methods used to gather the crowd intelligence have not changed much: they are focused on the average of independent votes or estimates. But if we take a look at mother nature, is that the approach used by social animals to gather the wisdom of the crowds? How do animals that move in shoals, flocks or swarms take decisions?